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FOOD ALLERGIES are a growing concern worldwide, and India is no exception. According to a study published in the Indian Journal of Pediatrics, the prevalence of food allergies in India is estimated to be around 6-8 percent in children and 2-3 percent in adults.
However, these numbers may be underestimated due to underreporting and misdiagnosis. A food allergy occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies a particular food as harmful and produces antibodies to fight it off. This immune response can cause a range of physical symptoms.
Here are some common noticeable symptoms of food allergies:
• Stomach pain, nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea. These are common digestive symptoms caused by food allergies.
• Hives, itching or eczema. Hives and itchy rashes are often the first signs of a food allergy.
• Swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat or other parts of the body. Swelling, especially of the mouth and throat, can be a sign of a severe allergic reaction.
• Runny or congested nose, sneezing. These respiratory symptoms may occur due to a food allergy.
• Wheezing or trouble breathing. Trouble breathing is a serious symptom and requires immediate medical attention.
• Dizziness, light-headedness or fainting. These symptoms may occur due to low blood pressure caused by an allergic reaction.
• Headache. Some people experience headaches after eating a food they are allergic to.
• Changes in heart rate. An allergic reaction can cause changes in heart rate, either speeding up or slowing down.
Understanding the Immune System's Role in Food Allergies
Firstly, let's define what a food allergy is. A food allergy is an immune system response to a particular food that the body mistakenly identifies as harmful. When someone with a food allergy eats that particular food, their immune system releases chemicals that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe. These symptoms can include hives, itching, swelling, vomiting, and even anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction that can cause difficulty breathing and loss of consciousness.
Genetics, Environment, and Early Exposure: Factors that Contribute to Food Allergies
So why do some people develop food allergies while others don't? The answer lies in our immune system. Our immune system is designed to protect us from harmful substances like viruses and bacteria. When we come into contact with these substances, our immune system produces antibodies that help to fight off the infection. However, in some people, the immune system mistakenly identifies certain foods as harmful and produces antibodies to fight them off. This is what causes a food allergy.
But why does the immune system mistakenly identify certain foods as harmful? There are several factors that can contribute to the development of food allergies. One of the most significant factors is genetics. If someone in your family has a food allergy, you are more likely to develop one too. Additionally, environmental factors such as pollution and exposure to certain chemicals can also increase the risk of developing a food allergy.
Another factor that can contribute to the development of food allergies is the timing of exposure to certain foods. Studies have shown that introducing allergenic foods to infants at an early age can help to reduce the risk of developing a food allergy later in life. This is because early exposure helps to train the immune system to recognise these foods as harmless.
The Gut Microbiome and Food Allergies: Recent Research Findings
Interestingly, recent research has also suggested that the diversity of our gut microbiome, the collection of bacteria that live in our digestive system, may play a role in the development of food allergies. A healthy gut microbiome is essential for a healthy immune system, and disruptions to the microbiome can lead to immune system dysfunction and an increased risk of developing allergies.
Managing Food Allergies: Tips for Avoiding Allergenic Foods
So what can you do if you suspect you have a food allergy? The first step is to see a doctor or allergist who can perform tests to determine if you have a food allergy. If you do have a food allergy, the best course of action is to avoid the food that causes the allergic reaction. This can be challenging, especially if the food is a common ingredient in many dishes. However, with careful planning and preparation, it is possible to avoid allergenic foods and still enjoy a varied and healthy diet.
Food allergies are complex and affect millions of people worldwide. While the exact causes of food allergies are still not fully understood, we do know that genetics, environmental factors, and the timing of exposure to certain foods can all play a significant role. By understanding the science behind food allergies, we can better manage and prevent them, and ensure that everyone can enjoy a safe and healthy diet.
